The single nation of Serbia and
Montenegro, formed after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, changed into the
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003, and finally into the two separate
states of Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.
It was Montenegro
that ultimately ended the relationship, with a
referendum on May 21, 2006, that
found just over 55 percent wanted to end its ties with Serbia. On June 3,
Montenegro
declared
independence. A few days later, Serbia followed suit.
Of course,
Montenegro's independence ultimately left Serbia effectively a "new"
state too, though it was the legal successor to the union. Since 2006, the
country has generally pursued pro-European policies, and it is on track to
membership of the European Union (though Kosovo's independence remains an
issue). Under President Tomislav Nikolic, elected two years ago, the
country
has tried to balance a future in Europe with a partnership with its
traditional ally, Russia.
East Timor, now also known as
Timor-Leste,
achieved independence on
May 20, 2002, but the country had effectively voted for independence years
before, when a referendum delivered a clear vote that clearly
rejected the proposed "special autonomy" within Indonesia.
After that referendum, there was brutal violence in the region
with pro-Indonesian militias attacking citizens, and a special U.N. force
had to be deployed to the country.
The country had
already suffered. According
to a U.N. report from 2006, Indonesia may have directly or indirectly
killed as many as 180,000 people in East Timor after they invaded the country
when its colonial ruler, Portugal, left in 1975. The
situation in East Timor had
made headlines around the world since 1991, when at least 250 pro-independence
demonstrators were shot dead.
After
independence, some troubles have remained: In 2006, the U.N. had to
redeploy troops after fighting resumed. However, the
country has enjoyed profits from its large oil reserves, and enjoyed some
substantial growth: The World Bank
says that the "social and economic development in
Timor-Leste can be seen as remarkable."
Palau, geographically part of the larger
Micronesia island group in the western Pacific Ocean, is the least
populated country on this list, with a little over 21,000 people living on
around 250 islands. It became independent on Oct. 1, 1994, 15 years after it
had decided against becoming part of Micronesia due to cultural and
linguistic differences.
The islands that
make up Palau had passed through various colonial hands over the years, before
coming
under
the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific,
administered by the United States, after World War II. It's relationship with
the United States remains a Compact of Free Association, which means the
United States offers financial aid and retains military authority. In 2009, the
country agreed to accept
6 Uighur detainees from Guantanamo Bay, sparking
controversy. The country is one of the wealthiest Pacific Island states,
and is known for its tourism industry.
The United Nations established Eritrea
as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952. However,
when Ethiopia, under emperor Haile Selassie, annexed the region in 1962,
it sparked a civil war that lasted 30 years. In 1991,
the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) ousted the
Ethiopian forces, and on April 27, 1993, the country declared independence
after a referendum.
Since
independence, there have been a number of disputes with Ethiopia,
including a border war in 1998 that lasted more than two years. In that time,
the country has been ruled by one president, Isaias Afwerki, who has been
widely criticized for repressive government tactics, earning the country the
nickname "
The North Korea of Africa."
On Jan. 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia was
dissolved by parliament into two countries: The Czech Republic and Slovakia.
After the "Velvet Revolution" ended one-party Communist rule, it was
the "Velvet Divorce."
Immediately after
the split, there appeared to be some trepidation:
The New York Times noted "wide regret"at the end of the nation
that was formed after World War I. However, the contemporary view is that
the split was a (relative) success: "The split was really
smooth," Slovakian journalist Pavol Mudry
told the BBC last
year. Both countries have joined the European Union (with Slovakia even taking
on the euro) and have had largely stable, at times burgeoning, economies
since independence.
Not everyone is
happy with the split, however. In the run-up to the Scottish vote, Pavel
Seifter, a former Czech ambassador to Britain,
argued in the Guardian that
neither country really appreciated what they had lost.